/*
Copyright (c) 2015 Daniel Selsam. All rights reserved.
Released under Apache 2.0 license as described in the file LICENSE.
Author: Daniel Selsam
*/
#include <functional>
#include <iostream>
#include "util/flet.h"
#include "util/freset.h"
#include "util/pair.h"
#include "util/optional.h"
#include "util/interrupt.h"
#include "util/sexpr/option_declarations.h"
#include "kernel/abstract.h"
#include "kernel/expr_maps.h"
#include "kernel/instantiate.h"
#include "library/trace.h"
#include "library/constants.h"
#include "library/normalize.h"
#include "library/expr_lt.h"
#include "library/num.h"
#include "library/util.h"
#include "library/norm_num.h"
#include "library/attribute_manager.h"
#include "library/class_instance_resolution.h"
#include "library/relation_manager.h"
#include "library/app_builder.h"
#include "library/congr_lemma.h"
#include "library/fun_info.h"
#include "library/vm/vm_expr.h"
#include "library/tactic/tactic_state.h"
#include "library/tactic/app_builder_tactics.h"
#include "library/tactic/simplifier/simplifier.h"
#include "library/tactic/simplifier/simp_lemmas.h"
#include "library/tactic/simplifier/ceqv.h"

#ifndef LEAN_DEFAULT_SIMPLIFY_MAX_STEPS
#define LEAN_DEFAULT_SIMPLIFY_MAX_STEPS 1000
#endif
#ifndef LEAN_DEFAULT_SIMPLIFY_TOP_DOWN
#define LEAN_DEFAULT_SIMPLIFY_TOP_DOWN false
#endif
#ifndef LEAN_DEFAULT_SIMPLIFY_EXHAUSTIVE
#define LEAN_DEFAULT_SIMPLIFY_EXHAUSTIVE true
#endif
#ifndef LEAN_DEFAULT_SIMPLIFY_MEMOIZE
#define LEAN_DEFAULT_SIMPLIFY_MEMOIZE true
#endif
#ifndef LEAN_DEFAULT_SIMPLIFY_CONTEXTUAL
#define LEAN_DEFAULT_SIMPLIFY_CONTEXTUAL true
#endif
#ifndef LEAN_DEFAULT_SIMPLIFY_NUMERALS
#define LEAN_DEFAULT_SIMPLIFY_NUMERALS false
#endif

namespace lean {

/* Options */

static name * g_simplify_max_steps     = nullptr;
static name * g_simplify_top_down      = nullptr;
static name * g_simplify_exhaustive    = nullptr;
static name * g_simplify_memoize       = nullptr;
static name * g_simplify_contextual    = nullptr;
static name * g_simplify_numerals      = nullptr;

unsigned get_simplify_max_steps(options const & o) {
    return o.get_unsigned(*g_simplify_max_steps, LEAN_DEFAULT_SIMPLIFY_MAX_STEPS);
}

bool get_simplify_top_down(options const & o) {
    return o.get_bool(*g_simplify_top_down, LEAN_DEFAULT_SIMPLIFY_TOP_DOWN);
}

bool get_simplify_exhaustive(options const & o) {
    return o.get_bool(*g_simplify_exhaustive, LEAN_DEFAULT_SIMPLIFY_EXHAUSTIVE);
}

bool get_simplify_memoize(options const & o) {
    return o.get_bool(*g_simplify_memoize, LEAN_DEFAULT_SIMPLIFY_MEMOIZE);
}

bool get_simplify_contextual(options const & o) {
    return o.get_bool(*g_simplify_contextual, LEAN_DEFAULT_SIMPLIFY_CONTEXTUAL);
}

bool get_simplify_numerals(options const & o) {
    return o.get_bool(*g_simplify_numerals, LEAN_DEFAULT_SIMPLIFY_NUMERALS);
}

/* Main simplifier class */

class simplifier {
    type_context              m_tctx;
    name                      m_rel;

    simp_lemmas               m_slss;
    simp_lemmas               m_ctx_slss;

    /* Logging */
    unsigned                  m_num_steps{0};

    /* Options */
    unsigned                  m_max_steps;
    bool                      m_top_down;
    bool                      m_exhaustive;
    bool                      m_memoize;
    bool                      m_contextual;
    bool                      m_numerals;

    /* Cache */
    struct key {
        name              m_rel;
        expr              m_e;
        unsigned          m_hash;

        key(name const & rel, expr const & e):
            m_rel(rel), m_e(e), m_hash(hash(rel.hash(), e.hash())) { }
    };

    struct key_hash_fn {
        unsigned operator()(key const & k) const { return k.m_hash; }
    };

    struct key_eq_fn {
        bool operator()(key const & k1, key const & k2) const {
            return k1.m_rel == k2.m_rel && k1.m_e == k2.m_e;
        }
    };

    typedef std::unordered_map<key, simp_result, key_hash_fn, key_eq_fn> simplify_cache;
    simplify_cache m_cache;
    optional<simp_result> cache_lookup(expr const & e);
    void cache_save(expr const & e, simp_result const & r);

    /* Basic helpers */
    bool using_eq() { return m_rel == get_eq_name(); }

    bool is_dependent_fn(expr const & f) {
        expr f_type = m_tctx.whnf(m_tctx.infer(f));
        lean_assert(is_pi(f_type));
        return has_free_vars(binding_body(f_type));
    }

    simp_lemmas add_to_slss(simp_lemmas const & _slss, buffer<expr> const & ls) {
        simp_lemmas slss = _slss;
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < ls.size(); i++) {
            expr const & l = ls[i];
            try {
                // TODO(Leo,Daniel): should we allow the user to set the priority of local lemmas?
                slss = add(m_tctx, slss, mlocal_name(l), m_tctx.infer(l), l, LEAN_DEFAULT_PRIORITY);
            } catch (exception e) {
            }
        }
        return slss;
    }

    bool instantiate_emetas(tmp_type_context & tmp_tctx, unsigned num_emeta, list<expr> const & emetas, list<bool> const & instances);

    /* Simp_Results */
    simp_result lift_from_eq(expr const & e_old, simp_result const & r_eq);
    simp_result join(simp_result const & r1, simp_result const & r2);
    simp_result finalize(simp_result const & r);

    /* Simplification */
    simp_result simplify(expr const & e);
    simp_result simplify_lambda(expr const & e);
    simp_result simplify_pi(expr const & e);
    simp_result simplify_app(expr const & e);
    simp_result simplify_fun(expr const & e);
    optional<simp_result> simplify_numeral(expr const & e);

    /* Proving */
    optional<expr> prove(expr const & thm);

    /* Rewriting */
    simp_result rewrite(expr const & e);
    simp_result rewrite(expr const & e, simp_lemmas const & slss);
    simp_result rewrite(expr const & e, simp_lemma const & sr);

    /* Congruence */
    simp_result congr_fun_arg(simp_result const & r_f, simp_result const & r_arg);
    simp_result congr(simp_result const & r_f, simp_result const & r_arg);
    simp_result congr_fun(simp_result const & r_f, expr const & arg);
    simp_result congr_arg(expr const & f, simp_result const & r_arg);
    simp_result congr_funs(simp_result const & r_f, buffer<expr> const & args);

    simp_result try_congrs(expr const & e);
    simp_result try_congr(expr const & e, user_congr_lemma const & cr);

    template<typename F>
    optional<simp_result> synth_congr(expr const & e, F && simp);

    expr remove_unnecessary_casts(expr const & e);

    /* Apply whnf and eta-reduction
       \remark We want (Sum n (fun x, f x)) and (Sum n f) to be the same.
       \remark We may want to switch to eta-expansion later (see paper: "The Virtues of Eta-expansion").
       TODO(Daniel, Leo): should we add an option for disabling/enabling eta? */
    expr whnf_eta(expr const & e);

public:
    simplifier(type_context & tctx, name const & rel, simp_lemmas const & slss):
        m_tctx(tctx), m_rel(rel), m_slss(slss),
        /* Options */
        m_max_steps(get_simplify_max_steps(tctx.get_options())),
        m_top_down(get_simplify_top_down(tctx.get_options())),
        m_exhaustive(get_simplify_exhaustive(tctx.get_options())),
        m_memoize(get_simplify_memoize(tctx.get_options())),
        m_contextual(get_simplify_contextual(tctx.get_options())),
        m_numerals(get_simplify_numerals(tctx.get_options()))
        { }

    simp_result operator()(expr const & e)  { return simplify(e); }
};

/* Cache */

optional<simp_result> simplifier::cache_lookup(expr const & e) {
    auto it = m_cache.find(key(m_rel, e));
    if (it == m_cache.end()) return optional<simp_result>();
    return optional<simp_result>(it->second);
}

void simplifier::cache_save(expr const & e, simp_result const & r) {
    m_cache.insert(mk_pair(key(m_rel, e), r));
}

/* Simp_Results */

simp_result simplifier::lift_from_eq(expr const & e_old, simp_result const & r_eq) {
    if (!r_eq.has_proof()) return r_eq;
    lean_assert(r_eq.has_proof());
    /* r_eq.get_proof() : e_old = r_eq.get_new() */
    /* goal : e_old <m_rel> r_eq.get_new() */
    type_context::tmp_locals local_factory(m_tctx);
    expr local = local_factory.push_local(name(), m_tctx.infer(e_old));
    expr motive_local = mk_app(m_tctx, m_rel, e_old, local);
    /* motive = fun y, e_old <m_rel> y */
    expr motive = local_factory.mk_lambda(motive_local);
    /* Rxx = x <m_rel> x */
    expr Rxx = mk_refl(m_tctx, m_rel, e_old);
    expr pf = mk_eq_rec(m_tctx, motive, Rxx, r_eq.get_proof());
    return simp_result(r_eq.get_new(), pf);
}

simp_result simplifier::join(simp_result const & r1, simp_result const & r2) {
    /* Assumes that both simp_results are with respect to the same relation */
    if (!r1.has_proof()) {
        return r2;
    } else if (!r2.has_proof()) {
        lean_assert(r1.has_proof());
        return simp_result(r2.get_new(), r1.get_proof());
    } else {
        /* If they both have proofs, we need to glue them together with transitivity. */
        lean_assert(r1.has_proof() && r2.has_proof());
        lean_trace(name({"simplifier"}),
                   expr pf1_type = m_tctx.infer(r1.get_proof());
                   expr pf2_type = m_tctx.infer(r2.get_proof());
                   tout() << "JOIN(" << r1.get_proof() << " : " << pf1_type
                   << ", " << r2.get_proof() << " : " << pf2_type << ")\n";);

        expr trans = mk_trans(m_tctx, m_rel, r1.get_proof(), r2.get_proof());
        return simp_result(r2.get_new(), trans);
    }
}

/* Whnf + Eta */
expr simplifier::whnf_eta(expr const & e) {
    return try_eta(m_tctx.whnf(e));
}

/* Simplification */

simp_result simplifier::simplify(expr const & e) {
    check_system("simplifier");
    m_num_steps++;
    lean_trace_inc_depth("simplifier");
    lean_trace_d("simplifier", tout() << m_rel << ": " << e << "\n";);

    if (m_num_steps > m_max_steps)
        throw exception("simplifier failed, maximum number of steps exceeded");

    if (m_memoize) {
        if (auto it = cache_lookup(e)) return *it;
    }

    if (m_numerals && using_eq()) {
        if (auto r = simplify_numeral(e)) {
            return *r;
        }
    }

    simp_result r(e);

    if (m_top_down) r = join(r, rewrite(whnf_eta(r.get_new())));

    r.update(whnf_eta(r.get_new()));

    switch (r.get_new().kind()) {
    case expr_kind::Local:
    case expr_kind::Meta:
    case expr_kind::Sort:
    case expr_kind::Constant:
        // no-op
        break;
    case expr_kind::Var:
        lean_unreachable();
    case expr_kind::Macro:
        break;
    case expr_kind::Lambda:
        if (using_eq()) r = join(r, simplify_lambda(r.get_new()));
        break;
    case expr_kind::Pi:
        r = join(r, simplify_pi(r.get_new()));
        break;
    case expr_kind::App:
        r = join(r, simplify_app(r.get_new()));
        break;
    case expr_kind::Let:
        // whnf unfolds let-expressions
        lean_unreachable();
    }

    if (!m_top_down) r = join(r, rewrite(whnf_eta(r.get_new())));

    if (r.get_new() == e && !using_eq()) {
        simp_result r_eq;
        {
            flet<name> use_eq(m_rel, get_eq_name());
            r_eq = simplify(r.get_new());
        }
        r = join(r, lift_from_eq(r.get_new(), r_eq));
    }

    if (m_exhaustive && r.has_proof()) r = join(r, simplify(r.get_new()));

    if (m_memoize) cache_save(e, r);

    return r;
}

simp_result simplifier::simplify_lambda(expr const & e) {
    lean_assert(is_lambda(e));
    expr t = e;

    type_context::tmp_locals local_factory(m_tctx);

    expr l = local_factory.push_local_from_binding(t);
    t = instantiate(binding_body(t), l);

    simp_result r = simplify(t);
    expr new_t = local_factory.mk_lambda(r.get_new());

    if (r.has_proof()) {
        expr lam_pf = local_factory.mk_lambda(r.get_proof());
        expr funext_pf = mk_app(m_tctx, get_funext_name(), lam_pf);
        return simp_result(new_t, funext_pf);
    } else {
        return simp_result(new_t);
    }
}

simp_result simplifier::simplify_pi(expr const & e) {
    lean_assert(is_pi(e));
    return try_congrs(e);
}

simp_result simplifier::simplify_app(expr const & _e) {
    lean_assert(is_app(_e));
    // TODO(dhs): normalize instances and subsingletons
    expr e = _e;

    // (1) Try user-defined congruences
    simp_result r_user = try_congrs(e);
    if (r_user.has_proof()) {
        if (using_eq()) return join(r_user, simplify_fun(r_user.get_new()));
        else return r_user;
    }

    // TODO(dhs): (2) Synthesize congruence lemma

    // (3) Fall back on generic binary congruence
    if (using_eq()) {
        expr const & f = app_fn(e);
        expr const & arg = app_arg(e);

        simp_result r_f = simplify(f);

        if (is_dependent_fn(f)) {
            if (r_f.has_proof()) return congr_fun(r_f, arg);
            else return mk_app(r_f.get_new(), arg);
        } else {
            simp_result r_arg = simplify(arg);
            return congr_fun_arg(r_f, r_arg);
        }
    }
    return simp_result(e);
}

simp_result simplifier::simplify_fun(expr const & e) {
    lean_assert(is_app(e));
    buffer<expr> args;
    expr const & f = get_app_args(e, args);
    simp_result r_f = simplify(f);
    return congr_funs(r_f, args);
}

optional<simp_result> simplifier::simplify_numeral(expr const & e) {
    if (is_num(e)) { return optional<simp_result>(simp_result(e)); }
    try {
        expr_pair r = mk_norm_num(m_tctx, e);
        return optional<simp_result>(simp_result(r.first, r.second));
    } catch (exception e) {
        return optional<simp_result>();
    }
}

/* Proving */

simp_result simplifier::finalize(simp_result const & r) {
    if (r.has_proof()) return r;
    expr pf = mk_refl(m_tctx, m_rel, r.get_new());
    return simp_result(r.get_new(), pf);
}

optional<expr> simplifier::prove(expr const & thm) {
    flet<name> set_name(m_rel, get_iff_name());
    simp_result r_cond = simplify(thm);
    if (is_constant(r_cond.get_new()) && const_name(r_cond.get_new()) == get_true_name()) {
        expr pf = mk_app(m_tctx, get_iff_elim_right_name(),
                              finalize(r_cond).get_proof(),
                              mk_constant(get_true_intro_name()));
        return some_expr(pf);
    }
    return none_expr();
}

/* Rewriting */

simp_result simplifier::rewrite(expr const & e) {
    simp_result r(e);
    while (true) {
        simp_result r_ctx = rewrite(r.get_new(), m_ctx_slss);
        simp_result r_new = rewrite(r_ctx.get_new(), m_slss);
        if (!r_ctx.has_proof() && !r_new.has_proof()) break;
        r = join(join(r, r_ctx), r_new);
    }
    return r;
}

simp_result simplifier::rewrite(expr const & e, simp_lemmas const & slss) {
    simp_result r(e);

    simp_lemmas_for const * sr = slss.find(m_rel);
    if (!sr) return r;

    list<simp_lemma> const * srs = sr->find_simp(e);
    if (!srs) {
        lean_trace(name({"simplifier", "try_rewrite"}), tout() << "no simp lemmas for: " << e << "\n";);
        return r;
    }

    for_each(*srs, [&](simp_lemma const & sr) {
            simp_result r_new = rewrite(r.get_new(), sr);
            if (!r_new.has_proof()) return;
            r = join(r, r_new);
        });
    return r;
}

simp_result simplifier::rewrite(expr const & e, simp_lemma const & sl) {
    tmp_type_context tmp_tctx(m_tctx, sl.get_num_umeta(), sl.get_num_emeta());
    lean_trace(name({"simplifier", "try_rewrite"}), tout() << e << " =?= " << sl.get_lhs() << "\n";);

    if (!tmp_tctx.is_def_eq(e, sl.get_lhs())) return simp_result(e);

    lean_trace(name({"simplifier", "rewrite"}),
               expr new_lhs = tmp_tctx.instantiate_mvars(sl.get_lhs());
               expr new_rhs = tmp_tctx.instantiate_mvars(sl.get_rhs());
               tout() << "(" << sl.get_id() << ") "
               << "[" << new_lhs << " --> " << new_rhs << "]\n";);

    if (!instantiate_emetas(tmp_tctx, sl.get_num_emeta(), sl.get_emetas(), sl.get_instances())) return simp_result(e);

    for (unsigned i = 0; i < sl.get_num_umeta(); i++) {
        if (!tmp_tctx.is_uassigned(i)) return simp_result(e);
    }

    expr new_lhs = tmp_tctx.instantiate_mvars(sl.get_lhs());
    expr new_rhs = tmp_tctx.instantiate_mvars(sl.get_rhs());

    if (sl.is_perm()) {
        // TODO(dhs): restore light-lt
        if (!is_lt(new_rhs, new_lhs, false)) {
            lean_trace(name({"simplifier", "perm"}),
                       tout() << "perm rejected: " << new_rhs << " !< " << new_lhs << "\n";);
            return simp_result(e);
        }
    }

    expr pf = tmp_tctx.instantiate_mvars(sl.get_proof());
    return simp_result(new_rhs, pf);
}

/* Congruence */

simp_result simplifier::congr_fun_arg(simp_result const & r_f, simp_result const & r_arg) {
    if (!r_f.has_proof() && !r_arg.has_proof()) return simp_result(mk_app(r_f.get_new(), r_arg.get_new()));
    else if (!r_f.has_proof()) return congr_arg(r_f.get_new(), r_arg);
    else if (!r_arg.has_proof()) return congr_fun(r_f, r_arg.get_new());
    else return congr(r_f, r_arg);
}

simp_result simplifier::congr(simp_result const & r_f, simp_result const & r_arg) {
    lean_assert(r_f.has_proof() && r_arg.has_proof());
    // theorem congr {A B : Type} {f₁ f₂ : A → B} {a₁ a₂ : A} (H₁ : f₁ = f₂) (H₂ : a₁ = a₂) : f₁ a₁ = f₂ a₂
    expr e  = mk_app(r_f.get_new(), r_arg.get_new());
    expr pf = mk_congr(m_tctx, r_f.get_proof(), r_arg.get_proof());
    return simp_result(e, pf);
}

simp_result simplifier::congr_fun(simp_result const & r_f, expr const & arg) {
    lean_assert(r_f.has_proof());
    // theorem congr_fun {A : Type} {B : A → Type} {f g : Π x, B x} (H : f = g) (a : A) : f a = g a
    expr e  = mk_app(r_f.get_new(), arg);
    expr pf = mk_congr_fun(m_tctx, r_f.get_proof(), arg);
    return simp_result(e, pf);
}

simp_result simplifier::congr_arg(expr const & f, simp_result const & r_arg) {
    lean_assert(r_arg.has_proof());
    // theorem congr_arg {A B : Type} {a₁ a₂ : A} (f : A → B) : a₁ = a₂ → f a₁ = f a₂
    expr e  = mk_app(f, r_arg.get_new());
    expr pf = mk_congr_arg(m_tctx, f, r_arg.get_proof());
    return simp_result(e, pf);
}

/* Note: handles reflexivity */
simp_result simplifier::congr_funs(simp_result const & r_f, buffer<expr> const & args) {
    // congr_fun : ∀ {A : Type} {B : A → Type} {f g : Π (x : A), B x}, f = g → (∀ (a : A), f a = g a)
    expr e = r_f.get_new();
    for (unsigned i = 0; i < args.size(); ++i) {
        e  = mk_app(e, args[i]);
    }
    if (!r_f.has_proof()) return simp_result(e);
    expr pf = r_f.get_proof();
    for (unsigned i = 0; i < args.size(); ++i) {
        pf = mk_app(m_tctx, get_congr_fun_name(), pf, args[i]);
    }
    return simp_result(e, pf);
}

simp_result simplifier::try_congrs(expr const & e) {
    simp_lemmas_for const * sls = m_slss.find(m_rel);
    if (!sls) return simp_result(e);

    list<user_congr_lemma> const * cls = sls->find_congr(e);
    if (!cls) return simp_result(e);

    simp_result r(e);
    for_each(*cls, [&](user_congr_lemma const & cl) {
            if (r.has_proof()) return;
            r = try_congr(e, cl);
        });
    return r;
}

simp_result simplifier::try_congr(expr const & e, user_congr_lemma const & cl) {
    tmp_type_context tmp_tctx(m_tctx, cl.get_num_umeta(), cl.get_num_emeta());
    if (!tmp_tctx.is_def_eq(e, cl.get_lhs())) return simp_result(e);

    lean_trace(name({"simplifier", "congruence"}),
               expr new_lhs = tmp_tctx.instantiate_mvars(cl.get_lhs());
               expr new_rhs = tmp_tctx.instantiate_mvars(cl.get_rhs());
               diagnostic(m_tctx.env(), get_dummy_ios(), m_tctx)
               << "(" << cl.get_id() << ") "
               << "[" << new_lhs << " =?= " << new_rhs << "]\n";);

    /* First, iterate over the congruence hypotheses */
    bool failed = false;
    bool simplified = false;
    list<expr> const & congr_hyps = cl.get_congr_hyps();
    for_each(congr_hyps, [&](expr const & m) {
            if (failed) return;
            type_context::tmp_locals local_factory(m_tctx);
            expr m_type = tmp_tctx.instantiate_mvars(tmp_tctx.infer(m));

            while (is_pi(m_type)) {
                expr l = local_factory.push_local_from_binding(m_type);
                lean_assert(!has_metavar(l));
                m_type = instantiate(binding_body(m_type), l);
            }

            expr h_rel, h_lhs, h_rhs;
            lean_verify(is_simp_relation(m_tctx.env(), m_type, h_rel, h_lhs, h_rhs) && is_constant(h_rel));
            {
                flet<name> set_name(m_rel, const_name(h_rel));

                flet<simp_lemmas> set_ctx_slss(m_ctx_slss, m_contextual ? add_to_slss(m_ctx_slss, local_factory.as_buffer()) : m_ctx_slss);

                h_lhs = tmp_tctx.instantiate_mvars(h_lhs);
                lean_assert(!has_metavar(h_lhs));

                // TODO(dhs): freset cache?
                simp_result r_congr_hyp = simplify(h_lhs);
                if (r_congr_hyp.has_proof()) simplified = true;
                r_congr_hyp = finalize(r_congr_hyp);
                expr hyp = finalize(r_congr_hyp).get_proof();

                if (!tmp_tctx.is_def_eq(m, local_factory.mk_lambda(hyp))) failed = true;
            }
        });

    if (failed || !simplified) return simp_result(e);

    if (!instantiate_emetas(tmp_tctx, cl.get_num_emeta(), cl.get_emetas(), cl.get_instances())) return simp_result(e);

    for (unsigned i = 0; i < cl.get_num_umeta(); i++) {
        if (!tmp_tctx.is_uassigned(i)) return simp_result(e);
    }

    expr e_s = tmp_tctx.instantiate_mvars(cl.get_rhs());
    expr pf = tmp_tctx.instantiate_mvars(cl.get_proof());
    return simp_result(e_s, pf);
}

bool simplifier::instantiate_emetas(tmp_type_context & tmp_tctx, unsigned num_emeta, list<expr> const & emetas, list<bool> const & instances) {
    bool failed = false;
    unsigned i = num_emeta;
    for_each2(emetas, instances, [&](expr const & m, bool const & is_instance) {
            i--;
            if (failed) return;
            expr m_type = tmp_tctx.instantiate_mvars(m_tctx.infer(m));
            lean_assert(!has_metavar(m_type));

            if (tmp_tctx.is_eassigned(i)) return;

            if (is_instance) {
                if (auto v = m_tctx.mk_class_instance(m_type)) {
                    if (!tmp_tctx.is_def_eq(m, *v)) {
                        lean_trace(name({"simplifier", "failure"}),
                                   tout() << "unable to assign instance for: " << m_type << "\n";);
                        failed = true;
                        return;
                    }
                } else {
                    lean_trace(name({"simplifier", "failure"}),
                               tout() << "unable to synthesize instance for: " << m_type << "\n";);
                    failed = true;
                    return;
                }
            }

            if (tmp_tctx.is_eassigned(i)) return;

            if (m_tctx.is_prop(m_type)) {
                if (auto pf = prove(m_type)) {
                    lean_verify(tmp_tctx.is_def_eq(m, *pf));
                    return;
                }
            }

            lean_trace(name({"simplifier", "failure"}),
                       tout() << "failed to assign: " << m << " : " << m_type << "\n";);

            failed = true;
            return;
        });

    return !failed;
}

template<typename F>
optional<simp_result> simplifier::synth_congr(expr const & e, F && simp) {
    static_assert(std::is_same<typename std::result_of<F(expr const & e)>::type, simp_result>::value,
                  "synth_congr: simp must take expressions to simp_results");
    lean_assert(is_app(e));
    buffer<expr> args;
    expr f = get_app_args(e, args);
    auto congr_lemma = mk_specialized_congr_simp(m_tctx, e);
    if (!congr_lemma) return optional<simp_result>();
    expr proof = congr_lemma->get_proof();
    expr type = congr_lemma->get_type();
    unsigned i = 0;
    bool has_proof              = false;
    bool has_cast               = false;
    for_each(congr_lemma->get_arg_kinds(), [&](congr_arg_kind const & ckind) {
            switch (ckind) {
            case congr_arg_kind::HEq:
                lean_unreachable();
            case congr_arg_kind::Fixed:
                proof = mk_app(proof, args[i]);
                type = instantiate(binding_body(type), args[i]);
                break;
            case congr_arg_kind::FixedNoParam:
                break;
            case congr_arg_kind::Eq:
                proof = mk_app(proof, args[i]);
                type = instantiate(binding_body(type), args[i]);
                {
                    simp_result r_arg = simp(args[i]);
                    if (r_arg.has_proof()) has_proof = true;
                    r_arg = finalize(r_arg);
                    proof = mk_app(proof, r_arg.get_new(), r_arg.get_proof());
                    type = instantiate(binding_body(type), r_arg.get_new());
                    type = instantiate(binding_body(type), r_arg.get_proof());
                }
                break;
            case congr_arg_kind::Cast:
                proof = mk_app(proof, args[i]);
                type = instantiate(binding_body(type), args[i]);
                has_cast = true;
                break;
            }
            i++;
        });
    lean_assert(is_eq(type));
    buffer<expr> type_args;
    get_app_args(type, type_args);
    expr e_new = remove_unnecessary_casts(type_args[2]);
    simp_result r;
    if (has_proof) r = simp_result(e_new, proof);
    else r = simp_result(e_new);

    /* TODO(dhs): re-integrate
    if (has_cast) {
        if (auto r_norm = normalize_subsingleton_args(e_new))
            r = join(r, *r_norm);
    }
    */
    return optional<simp_result>(r);
}

expr simplifier::remove_unnecessary_casts(expr const & e) {
    buffer<expr> args;
    expr f = get_app_args(e, args);
    fun_info f_info = get_specialized_fun_info(m_tctx, e);
    int i = -1;
    for_each(f_info.get_params_info(), [&](param_info const & p_info) {
            i++;
            if (p_info.is_subsingleton()) {
                while (is_constant(get_app_fn(args[i]))) {
                    buffer<expr> cast_args;
                    expr f_cast = get_app_args(args[i], cast_args);
                    name n_f = const_name(f_cast);
                    if (n_f == get_eq_rec_name() || n_f == get_eq_drec_name() || n_f == get_eq_nrec_name()) {
                        lean_assert(cast_args.size() == 6);
                        expr major_premise = cast_args[5];
                        expr f_major_premise = get_app_fn(major_premise);
                        if (is_constant(f_major_premise) && const_name(f_major_premise) == get_eq_refl_name())
                            args[i] = cast_args[3];
                        else
                            return;
                    } else {
                        return;
                    }
                }
            }
        });
    return mk_app(f, args);
}

vm_obj tactic_simp(vm_obj const & e, vm_obj const & s0) {
    tactic_state const & s   = to_tactic_state(s0);
    try {
        // TODO(dhs): use type_context_scope for this
        metavar_context mctx_tmp   = s.mctx();
        type_context tctx           = mk_type_context_for(s, mctx_tmp, transparency_mode::Reducible);
        simp_lemmas lemmas         = get_simp_lemmas(s.env());
        expr target                = *(s.get_main_goal());
//        name rel                   = (is_standard(s.env()) && tctx.is_prop(target)) ? get_iff_name() : get_eq_name();
        name rel                   = get_iff_name();
        simp_result result         = simplify(tctx, rel, lemmas, to_expr(e));
        if (result.has_proof()) {
            return mk_tactic_success(mk_vm_pair(to_obj(result.get_new()), to_obj(result.get_proof())), s);
        } else {
            return mk_tactic_exception("simp tactic failed to simplify", s);
        }
    } catch (exception & e) {
        return mk_tactic_exception(e, s);
    }
}

/* Setup and teardown */
void initialize_simplifier() {
    register_trace_class("simplifier");
    register_trace_class(name({"simplifier", "rewrite"}));
    register_trace_class(name({"simplifier", "congruence"}));
    register_trace_class(name({"simplifier", "failure"}));
    register_trace_class(name({"simplifier", "perm"}));
    register_trace_class(name({"simplifier", "try_rewrite"}));

    g_simplify_max_steps     = new name{"simplify", "max_steps"};
    g_simplify_top_down      = new name{"simplify", "top_down"};
    g_simplify_exhaustive    = new name{"simplify", "exhaustive"};
    g_simplify_memoize       = new name{"simplify", "memoize"};
    g_simplify_contextual    = new name{"simplify", "contextual"};
    g_simplify_numerals      = new name{"simplify", "numerals"};

    register_unsigned_option(*g_simplify_max_steps, LEAN_DEFAULT_SIMPLIFY_MAX_STEPS,
                             "(simplify) max allowed steps in simplification");
    register_bool_option(*g_simplify_top_down, LEAN_DEFAULT_SIMPLIFY_TOP_DOWN,
                         "(simplify) use top-down rewriting instead of bottom-up");
    register_bool_option(*g_simplify_exhaustive, LEAN_DEFAULT_SIMPLIFY_EXHAUSTIVE,
                         "(simplify) rewrite exhaustively");
    register_bool_option(*g_simplify_memoize, LEAN_DEFAULT_SIMPLIFY_MEMOIZE,
                         "(simplify) memoize simplifications");
    register_bool_option(*g_simplify_contextual, LEAN_DEFAULT_SIMPLIFY_CONTEXTUAL,
                         "(simplify) use contextual simplification");
    register_bool_option(*g_simplify_numerals, LEAN_DEFAULT_SIMPLIFY_NUMERALS,
                         "(simplify) simplify (+, *, -, /) over numerals");

    DECLARE_VM_BUILTIN(name({"tactic", "simplify"}),            tactic_simp);
}

void finalize_simplifier() {
    delete g_simplify_numerals;
    delete g_simplify_contextual;
    delete g_simplify_memoize;
    delete g_simplify_exhaustive;
    delete g_simplify_top_down;
    delete g_simplify_max_steps;
}

/* Entry point */
simp_result simplify(type_context & ctx, name const & rel, simp_lemmas const & simp_lemmas, expr const & e) {
    return simplifier(ctx, rel, simp_lemmas)(e);
}

}