135 lines
5.2 KiB
Text
135 lines
5.2 KiB
Text
/-
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Copyright (c) 2020 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
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Released under Apache 2.0 license as described in the file LICENSE.
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Authors: Leonardo de Moura
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-/
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prelude
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import Init.Core
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import Init.NotationExtra
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universes u v
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/- Classical reasoning support -/
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namespace Classical
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axiom choice {α : Sort u} : Nonempty α → α
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noncomputable def indefiniteDescription {α : Sort u} (p : α → Prop) (h : ∃ x, p x) : {x // p x} :=
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choice <| let ⟨x, px⟩ := h; ⟨⟨x, px⟩⟩
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noncomputable def choose {α : Sort u} {p : α → Prop} (h : ∃ x, p x) : α :=
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(indefiniteDescription p h).val
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theorem chooseSpec {α : Sort u} {p : α → Prop} (h : ∃ x, p x) : p (choose h) :=
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(indefiniteDescription p h).property
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/- Diaconescu's theorem: excluded middle from choice, Function extensionality and propositional extensionality. -/
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theorem em (p : Prop) : p ∨ ¬p :=
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let U (x : Prop) : Prop := x = True ∨ p;
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let V (x : Prop) : Prop := x = False ∨ p;
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have exU : ∃ x, U x := ⟨True, Or.inl rfl⟩;
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have exV : ∃ x, V x := ⟨False, Or.inl rfl⟩;
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let u : Prop := choose exU;
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let v : Prop := choose exV;
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have uDef : U u := chooseSpec exU;
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have vDef : V v := chooseSpec exV;
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have notUvOrP : u ≠ v ∨ p :=
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match uDef, vDef with
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| Or.inr h, _ => Or.inr h
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| _, Or.inr h => Or.inr h
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| Or.inl hut, Or.inl hvf =>
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have hne : u ≠ v := hvf.symm ▸ hut.symm ▸ trueNeFalse
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Or.inl hne
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have pImpliesUv : p → u = v :=
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fun hp =>
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have hpred : U = V :=
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funext fun x =>
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have hl : (x = True ∨ p) → (x = False ∨ p) :=
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fun a => Or.inr hp;
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have hr : (x = False ∨ p) → (x = True ∨ p) :=
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fun a => Or.inr hp;
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show (x = True ∨ p) = (x = False ∨ p) from
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propext (Iff.intro hl hr);
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have h₀ : ∀ exU exV, @choose _ U exU = @choose _ V exV :=
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hpred ▸ fun exU exV => rfl;
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show u = v from h₀ ..;
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match notUvOrP with
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| Or.inl hne => Or.inr (mt pImpliesUv hne)
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| Or.inr h => Or.inl h
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theorem existsTrueOfNonempty {α : Sort u} : Nonempty α → ∃ x : α, True
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| ⟨x⟩ => ⟨x, trivial⟩
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noncomputable def inhabitedOfNonempty {α : Sort u} (h : Nonempty α) : Inhabited α :=
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⟨choice h⟩
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noncomputable def inhabitedOfExists {α : Sort u} {p : α → Prop} (h : ∃ x, p x) : Inhabited α :=
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inhabitedOfNonempty (Exists.elim h (fun w hw => ⟨w⟩))
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/- all propositions are Decidable -/
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noncomputable scoped instance (priority := low) propDecidable (a : Prop) : Decidable a :=
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choice <| match em a with
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| Or.inl h => ⟨isTrue h⟩
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| Or.inr h => ⟨isFalse h⟩
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noncomputable def decidableInhabited (a : Prop) : Inhabited (Decidable a) where
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default := inferInstance
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noncomputable def typeDecidableEq (α : Sort u) : DecidableEq α :=
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fun x y => inferInstance
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noncomputable def typeDecidable (α : Sort u) : PSum α (α → False) :=
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match (propDecidable (Nonempty α)) with
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| (isTrue hp) => PSum.inl (@arbitrary _ (inhabitedOfNonempty hp))
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| (isFalse hn) => PSum.inr (fun a => absurd (Nonempty.intro a) hn)
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noncomputable def strongIndefiniteDescription {α : Sort u} (p : α → Prop) (h : Nonempty α) : {x : α // (∃ y : α, p y) → p x} :=
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@dite _ (∃ x : α, p x) (propDecidable _)
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(fun (hp : ∃ x : α, p x) =>
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show {x : α // (∃ y : α, p y) → p x} from
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let xp := indefiniteDescription _ hp;
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⟨xp.val, fun h' => xp.property⟩)
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(fun hp => ⟨choice h, fun h => absurd h hp⟩)
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/- the Hilbert epsilon Function -/
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noncomputable def epsilon {α : Sort u} [h : Nonempty α] (p : α → Prop) : α :=
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(strongIndefiniteDescription p h).val
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theorem epsilonSpecAux {α : Sort u} (h : Nonempty α) (p : α → Prop) : (∃ y, p y) → p (@epsilon α h p) :=
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(strongIndefiniteDescription p h).property
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theorem epsilonSpec {α : Sort u} {p : α → Prop} (hex : ∃ y, p y) : p (@epsilon α (nonemptyOfExists hex) p) :=
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epsilonSpecAux (nonemptyOfExists hex) p hex
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theorem epsilonSingleton {α : Sort u} (x : α) : @epsilon α ⟨x⟩ (fun y => y = x) = x :=
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@epsilonSpec α (fun y => y = x) ⟨x, rfl⟩
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/- the axiom of choice -/
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theorem axiomOfChoice {α : Sort u} {β : α → Sort v} {r : ∀ x, β x → Prop} (h : ∀ x, ∃ y, r x y) : ∃ (f : ∀ x, β x), ∀ x, r x (f x) :=
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⟨_, fun x => chooseSpec (h x)⟩
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theorem skolem {α : Sort u} {b : α → Sort v} {p : ∀ x, b x → Prop} : (∀ x, ∃ y, p x y) ↔ ∃ (f : ∀ x, b x), ∀ x, p x (f x) :=
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⟨axiomOfChoice, fun ⟨f, hw⟩ (x) => ⟨f x, hw x⟩⟩
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theorem propComplete (a : Prop) : a = True ∨ a = False := by
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cases em a with
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| inl _ => apply Or.inl; apply propext; apply Iff.intro; { intros; apply True.intro }; { intro; assumption }
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| inr hn => apply Or.inr; apply propext; apply Iff.intro; { intro h; exact hn h }; { intro h; apply False.elim h }
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-- this supercedes byCases in Decidable
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theorem byCases {p q : Prop} (hpq : p → q) (hnpq : ¬p → q) : q :=
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Decidable.byCases (dec := propDecidable _) hpq hnpq
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-- this supercedes byContradiction in Decidable
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theorem byContradiction {p : Prop} (h : ¬p → False) : p :=
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Decidable.byContradiction (dec := propDecidable _) h
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macro "byCases" h:ident ":" e:term : tactic =>
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`(cases em $e:term with
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| inl $h:ident => _
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| inr $h:ident => _)
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end Classical
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